Radiofrequency (RF) Invasive RF

    Radiofrequency (RF) refers to high frequency alternating electrical current at the frequency range traditionally used for radio-wave communication. Electromagnetic signal, including RF, induces an electrothermal reaction in targeted tissues, the patterns of which depend on the resistance of the tissue. RF energy can be emitted into the skin either non- or invasively via a monopolar mode that utilizes an active electrode and a grounded electrode or via a bipolar mode that employs two active electrodes. In monopolar modes, an electrical circuit formed by an electron current that flows from the active electrode to the grounded electrode is generated in the patient’s body. Meanwhile, bipolar electrosurgery systems induce an electrical circuit between the two active electrodes that is limited to regionally targeted tissues, In the skin, these active electrodes emit an electron current that flows through the shortest path in the target tissue between the electrodes, theoretically limiting the depth of the thermal response induced by the electromagnetic energy.

Invasive RF systems, which deliver electromagnetic energy through electrodes that penetrate into target tissues, offer advantages of a deeper layer of treatment in a non-contiguous pattern, compared with noninvasive systems. In a recent study, a monopolar 0.4-MHz RF system equipped with a single penetrating electrode induced thermal coagulation inex vivobovine liver tissue that started from the tips of non-insulated electrodes and formed a rim of coagulated tissue around the entire length of the needles with increasing energy levels6. Therein, the thickest rim of coagulated tissue was formed around the tips of the electrodes, suggesting that non-insulated penetrating electrodes can be used to effectively and safely deliver RF energy to the skin while preserving the epidermis.

Meanwhile, research on invasive bipolar RF devices has suggested that electrodes must be insulated in order to preserve the epidermis. In a predictive model, a minimally invasive bipolar RF system showed a thermal profile that was confined between the non-insulated portions of the penetrating electrodes. Moreover, in anin vivomicropig study, the emission of RF energy via a bipolar microneedle RF device equipped with insulated penetrating electrodes induced individual coagulation columns, a water drop-shaped oval zone of thermal injury, at the tip of each electrode in the dermis immediately after treatment. However, further investigation into why the coagulation columns were generated separately around each electrode instead of between electrodes was not conducted.

In this experimental study of RF tissue reactions, we aimed to investigate the electromagnetic patterns of initiation and propagation of bipolar RF energy delivered through invasive non-insulated microneedle electrodes. Bipolar RF energy was emitted to thein vivoskin of a micropig at varying microneedle penetration depths, RF signal amplitudes, and RF conduction times. Additionally,ex vivobovine liver tissue study was performed to investigate histological changes in the liver tissue induced by the passing of electrical current between microneedle electrodes. Meanwhile, high-speed cinematographs were captured to demonstrate time-dependent tissue reactions of RF energy onex vivomicropig muscle and bovine liver tissues.

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